Prevention of Vascular Access Device-Associated Hospital Onset Bacteremia and Fungemia: A Review of Emerging Perspectives and Synthesis of Technical Aspects.

Significant events impacting healthcare over the last several years have been associated with escalating rates of healthcare-associated infections. This has resulted in increased efforts to reinstitute well-established and evidence-based infection prevention practices, particularly for central line associated bloodstream infections. However, implementation of prevention initiatives beyond central lines has not received the same level of acknowledgement and response as being a considerable risk to patients. This article, authored by infection prevention, infectious disease, and vascular access professionals, provides emerging perspectives and technical aspects associated with the complete lifecycle of a vascular access device. The intent is to provide insight and perspective into enhancing current IP practices in the acute care hospital setting. This will also help prepare hospitals for upcoming broader surveillance and intervention activities aimed at reducing Hospital Onset Bacteremia and Fungemia (HOB) associated with all types of vascular access devices.

A Spectrum of Chemoport-Associated Complications and Their Management in Cancer Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Chemotherapy is part and parcel of the multimodality approach to cancer treatment. Chemoports are frequently used to administer chemotherapy, preventing complications associated with the use of peripheral lines. However, chemoports have their own set of complications and can be very debilitating at times. Accurate knowledge and correct technique can help prevent and manage these complications properly. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed all patients who underwent chemoport insertion for chemotherapy infusion over three years between July 2020 and June 2023. The patient's profile, type of cancer, the technique of chemoport insertion, complications related to chemoport, and its management were recorded retrospectively from patient records. RESULTS: The total number of patients in our study was 119. The age group of patients ranged from 13 years to 76 years. Of the 119 patients, 55 had breast cancer, 23 had ovarian cancers, 29 had GI cancers including gastroesophageal junction (GEJ)/ stomach/periampullary/colorectal, and 12 had leukemias. The most common intraoperative complication was catheter tip malposition (9.2%). The most common postoperative complications were infection (7.5%), followed by drug extravasation (5.0%), thrombosis (3.3%), wound dehiscence (2.5%), and skin necrosis (0.8%) in decreasing order of frequency. Serious complications such as hemothorax, pneumothorax, air emboli, brachial plexus injury, and pericardial tamponade, commonly reported in the literature, were not seen in any of our cases. CONCLUSION:  Totally implanted venous access devices (TIVAD)/chemoports are indispensable in the management of cancer patients, especially in patients requiring long duration of infusion and prolonged treatment. Although chemoports are associated with a spectrum of complications, proper technique of implantation and use makes it a safe and reliable tool.

Exploring clinicians' insertion experience with a new peripheral intravenous catheter in the emergency department.

BACKGROUND: Hospitals frequently introduce new medical devices. However, the process of clinicians adapting to these new vascular access devices has not been well explored. The study aims to explore clinicians' experience with the insertion of a new guidewire peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) introduced in the emergency department (ED) setting. METHODS: The study was conducted at two EDs in Queensland, Australia, utilising a qualitative explorative approach. Interviews were conducted with guidewire PIVC inserters, including ED doctors and nurses, and field notes were recorded by research nurses during insertions. Data analysis was performed using inductive content analysis, from which themes emerged. RESULTS: The study compiled interviews from 10 participants and field notes from 191 observation episodes. Five key themes emerged, including diverse experience, barriers related to the learning process, factors influencing insertion success, and recommendations to enhance clinicians' acceptance. These themes suggest that the key to successful adoption by clinicians lies in designing user-friendly devices that align with familiar insertion techniques, facilitating a smooth transfer of learning. CONCLUSION: Clinician adaptation to new devices is vital for optimal patient care. Emergency nurses and doctors prefer simplicity, safety, and familiarity when it comes to new devices. Providing comprehensive device training with diverse training resources, hands-on sessions, and continuous expert support, is likely to enhance clinician acceptance and the successful adoption of new devices in ED settings.

Development of a Medical Device in Response to a Fatal Self-Injection of Non-prescribed Opioids: A Case Report.

Patients who inject drugs (PWID) pose unique challenges in their medical care due to risks of increased infection and overdose. There are no known commercially available devices to prevent patients from self-injecting non-prescribed substances into vascular access devices (VADs). A patient in the emergency department (ED) of a midsized suburban hospital self-injected an opioid in the ED restroom after the placement of a vascular catheter by the nursing staff as part of her ED care. Despite precautions taken for a patient with a known opioid use disorder (OUD) and a history of self-injecting non-prescribed substances into VADs, the patient suffered a self-induced fatal overdose. PWID are at significant risk of self-injection when requiring intravenous medications as part of their medical care. This case highlighted the need for formal reporting for patients who self-inject non-prescribed substances into VADs. It revealed a lack of medical devices to help providers ensure that PWID cannot access their medical devices when intravenous therapy is indicated.

Vascular access device type for systemic anti-cancer therapies in cancer patients: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Patients with cancer can expect to receive numerous invasive vascular access procedures for intravenous therapy and clinical diagnostics. Due to the increased incidence and prevalence of cancer globally there will be significantly more people who require first-line intravenous chemotherapy over the next ten years. METHODS: Our objective was to determine the types of evidence that exist for the vascular access device (VAD) type for the delivery of systemic anti-cancer therapy (SACT) in cancer patients. We used JBI scoping review methodology to identify the types of VADs used for SACT and with a specific search strategy included articles from 2012-2022 published in the English language. We identify (i) type of VADs used for SACT delivery (ii) the type of insertion and post-insertion complications (iii) the geographical location and clinical environment (iv) and whether VAD choice impacts on quality of life (QOL). Findings were presented using the PAGER framework. MAIN FINDINGS: Our search strategy identified 10,390 titles, of these, 5318 duplicates were removed. The remaining 5072 sources were screened for eligibility, 240 articles met the inclusion criteria. The most common design include retrospective study designs (n = 91) followed by prospective study designs (n = 31). We found 28 interventional studies with 21 registered in a clinical trial registry and identified no core outcome sets papers specific to VAD for SACT. The most prevalent publications were those that featured two or more VAD types (n = 70), followed by tunnelled intravenous VADs (n = 67). Of 38 unique complications identified, the most frequent catheter related complication was catheter related thrombosis (n = 178, 74%), followed by infection (n = 170, 71%). The county where the most publications originated from was China (n = 62) with one randomized controlled multicenter study from a comprehensive cancer centre. Of the thirty three studies that included QOL we found 4 which reported on body image. No QOL measurement tools specific to the process of SACT administration via VAD are available INTERPRETATION: Our findings suggest a systematic review and meta-analysis of VAD use for intravenous SACT can be considered. However, the development of a core outcome set for SACT should be prioritised. Funding for high quality programs of research for VAD in cancer are needed. Comprehensive cancer centres should lead this research agenda.

Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter Versus Centrally Inserted Central Catheter for In-Hospital Infusion Therapy: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the comparative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) compared with centrally inserted central catheters (CICCs). METHODS: Prospective cohort study was followed by an economic analysis over a 30-day time horizon. Propensity score matching was used to select hospitalized adults with similar indications for PICC or CICC. The composite outcome was device removal or replacement because of complications before the end of treatment. The economic evaluation was based on a decision tree model for cost-effectiveness analysis, with calculation of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per catheter removal avoided. All costs are presented in Brazilian reais (BRL) (1 BRL = 0.1870 US dollar). RESULTS: A total of 217 patients were followed in each group; 172 (79.3%) of those receiving a PICC and 135 (62.2%) of those receiving a CICC had no device-related complication, respectively. When comparing the events leading to device removal, the risk of composite endpoint was significantly higher in the CICC group (hazard ratio 0.20; 95% CI 0.11-0.35). The cost of PICC placement was BRL 1290.98 versus BRL 467.16 for a CICC. In the base case, the ICER for placing a PICC instead of a CICC was BRL 3349.91 per removal or replacement avoided. On univariate sensitivity analyses, the model proved to be robust within an ICER range of 2500.00 to 4800.00 BRL. CONCLUSIONS: PICC placement was associated with a lower risk of complications than CICC placement. Although the cost of a PICC is higher, its use avoided complications and need for catheter replacement before the end of treatment.

Effect of intensive training and education of health care workers on the maintenance bundle of venous access devices in critically ill patients at a tertiary care academic hospital.

BACKGROUND: The maintenance bundle of care for all venous access devices (peripheral intravenous catheters, PIVC; central venous catheters, CVCs; hemodialysis ports) is important to prevent secondary sepsis in critically ill patients. This quality improvement project analyzed the effect of intensive training and education of health care workers (HCWs) on maintenance bundles for venous access devices. METHODS: The study period comprising of preintervention phase (3-months) included 25 random visits to the intensive care unit for point observations regarding maintenance of all venous access devices in-situ in all intensive care unit patients on the day of the visit. The observations were categorized as appropriate or inappropriate practices based on American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) guidelines for CVC 2020, INICC guidelines for PIVC 2017, and Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (ACQHCS) for PIVC and hemodialysis ports, December 2019. While the intervention phase (1-month) comprised intensive training and education of HCWs, postintervention phase 3 (3-months) included similar visits and point observations as during the preintervention phase. RESULTS: The maintenance of PIVC improved significantly in terms of the condition of site (from 82.7% appropriate observations to 97.8%, P < .05); condition of connectors (45.7%-56.8%, P < .05), and any attached unused IV sets (90.5%-98.56%, P < .05). For CVC, there was significant improvement in condition of insertion site (66%-94%, P < .01); condition of connectors (0%-44.37%, P < .01); fixation (91%-99.3%, P < .05); any attached unused IV sets (38.9%-97.3%, P < .01) and knowledge of HCW (96.52%-100%, P = .05). For hemodialysis ports, no significant improvement was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Intensive training and education of HCWs led to significant improvement in the maintenance bundle of care for PIVC and CVC.

Comparing ethanol lock therapy versus vancomycin lock in a salvation strategy for totally implantable vascular access device infections due to coagulase-negative staphylococci (the ETHALOCK study): a prospective double-blind randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: Little is known about efficacy and safety of ethanol lock therapy (ELT) to treat totally implantable venous access device (TIVAD) infections. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety profile of a local treatment with ELT without removal for TIVAD infection due to coagulase-negative staphylococci. METHODS: We performed a prospective, multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of 40% ELT versus vancomycin lock therapy (VLT) in TIVAD infections due to coagulase-negative staphylococci, complicated or not by bloodstream infection. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients were assigned to the ELT group and 30 to the VLT arm. Concomitant bacteremia was present in 41 patients (67.2%). Treatment success was 58.1 % (18 of 31) for the ELT arm and 46.7% (14 of 30) for the VLT arm (p = 0.37). The overall treatment success was 52.5% (32). The risk of treatment failure due to uncontrolled infections, superinfections, and mechanical complications did not differ significantly between participants receiving ELT (13 out of 31 [42%]) and those receiving VLT (16 out of 30 [53%]) with a hazard ratio of 0.70 (p = 0.343; 95% CI [0.34-1.46], Cox model). Catheter malfunctions were significantly more frequent in the ELT arm (11 patients versus 2 in the VLT group, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: We found an overall high rate of treatment failure that did not differ between the ELT arm and the VLT arm. TIVAD removal must be prioritized to prevent complications (uncontrolled infections, superinfections, and catheter malfunctions) except in exceptional situations.

Performance of tunnelled, non-cuffed central venous catheters in infants: A scoping review.

AIM: To summarise and critique existing knowledge and evidence relating to the utility, and post-insertion complications surrounding tunnelled non-cuffed central venous catheters (tncCVCs) in infants. METHODS: A scoping review of original research studies reporting the use of, and post-insertion complications associated with, tncCVCs in infants was completed. MeSH terms were used to formulate a systematic search, and data were extracted using a customised data extraction form. Data were analysed descriptively across key themes based on the research questions. Study quality was evaluated using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. RESULTS: The systematic search generated 3994 studies, of which 9 studies met final inclusion criteria. Studies included 644 tncCVCs in infants based in the USA, Europe and Australia. Most studies were retrospective cohort studies. The most common vein of insertion, where individually specified, was the internal jugular (n = 177). Tunnel length, where reported, was 2.5-5 cm. Infection rates were most commonly reported (eight studies), with results ranging from 0 to 12.8%, and device dislodgements of up to 20% reported. Participant follow-up and definition of complications varied greatly between studies. Study quality across all papers was sound. CONCLUSIONS: This review has identified only a small number of studies, with small participant numbers, reporting the performance of tncCVCs in infants. Definitions of complications measured varied significantly between studies, and vastly different patient follow-up protocols were reported. Further larger-scale studies on the performance of tncCVC, employing internationally recognised reporting standards is warranted to ensure clinicians can make informed choices for medication and infusion delivery.

Insertion of a totally implantable vascular access device in a patient with dextrocardia and colon cancer: a case report.

Colon cancer in patients with situs inversus totalis is rarely associated with dextrocardia, and chemotherapy is commonly used for treatment. Central venous access devices are used to administer intravenous fluids and chemotherapy in patients with colon cancer. Compared with peripherally inserted central catheters and Hickman-type tunneled catheters, totally implantable vascular access devices (TIVADs) are safer and more effective. However, positioning the catheter tip may be challenging in patients with dextrocardia and situs inversus. We herein describe a novel case involving a patient with dextrocardia and colon cancer who was treated by TIVAD insertion with intracavitary electrocardiography-aided tip localization.

Arterial Line Placement Using Modified Seldinger Technique: A Novel Approach.

How to cite this article: Srinivasan A, Naidu V, Dhivya P. Arterial Line Placement Using Modified Seldinger Technique: A Novel Approach. Indian J Crit Care Med 2023;27(7):515-516.

Paramedic insertion of peripheral intravenous catheters, unused catheter rates, and influencing factors: A retrospective review.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) are associated with adverse events such as bloodstream infections; thus clinically appropriate practice is important. However, there is limited research on PIVC use in ambulance settings. This study investigated the incidence of paramedic-inserted PIVCs, unused PIVCs, and factors that influenced practice. METHODS: Electronic patient care records for Western Australian ambulance service patients who attended between January 1 and December 31, 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient, environmental, and paramedic characteristics were explored. Binominal logistical regression models were used to identify factors associated with PIVC insertion and unused PIVCs. RESULTS: A total of 187,585 records were included; 20.3% had a PIVC inserted and 44% remained unused. Factors associated with PIVC insertion were gender, age, problem urgency, chief complaint, and operational region. Age, chief complaint, and paramedic years of experience were associated with unused PIVCs. DISCUSSION: This study identified multiple modifiable factors for the unnecessary insertion of PIVCs, which may be addressed through better education and mentoring of paramedics supported by clearer clinical guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: This is, to our knowledge, the first Australian state-wide study to report unused paramedic-inserted PIVC rates. As 44% remained unused, clinical indication guidelines and intervention studies to reduce PIVC insertion are warranted.

Feasibility of Ultrasound-Guided, Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter Placement at the Bedside in a Communicable-Disease Isolation Unit.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have investigated the safety of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, it remains uncertain whether PICC placement can be successfully carried out in settings with limited resources and a challenging environment for procedures, such as communicable-disease isolation units (CDIUs). METHODS: This study investigated the safety of PICCs in patients admitted to CDIUs. These researchers used a handheld portable ultrasound device (PUD) to guide venous access and confirmed catheter-tip location with electrocardiography (ECG) or portable chest radiography. RESULTS: Among 74 patients, the basilic vein and the right arm were the most common access site and location, respectively. The incidence of malposition was significantly higher with chest radiography compared to ECG (52.4% vs. 2.0%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Using a handheld PUD to place PICCs at the bedside and confirming the tip location with ECG is a feasible option for CDIU patients.

UK Vessel Health and Preservation Framework 2020: a users' survey.

The review and update of the UK Vessel Health and Preservation Framework 2020 (VHP2020) was undertaken by a working group that included members of the Infection Prevention Society, the Royal College of Nursing, the National Infusion and Vascular Access Society and the Medusa Advisory Board and was launched in 2020. The VHP working group developed a survey to understand whether the VHP2020 had reached its intended audience, and what respondents thought were the benefits and drawbacks of its use in practice. Although the survey response was lower than expected, the responses received were largely positive and have provided feedback on how the VHP2020 is being used and some of the benefits. Most importantly, the survey has highlighted the need to communicate the benefits of the framework more effectively to reach a wider audience.

Verification study on the catheterization of an upper arm vein using the new long peripheral intravenous catheter to reduce catheter failure incidence: A randomized controlled trial.

Intravenous infusion using a peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) is often complicated by catheter failure (CF). We hypothesized that catheterization of an upper arm vein instead of a forearm vein may help prevent CF. This study was designed to compare the incidence of CF in patients receiving hyper-stimulant drugs when catheters are placed in the forearm using short PIVCs (SPCs) with that when catheters are placed in the upper arm using the new long PIVCs. Patients admitted to a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan were enrolled in this study and were assigned to the SPC or the new long PIVC group. The primary outcome was the incidence of CF until 7 days. The secondary outcomes were the number of CFs per 1,000 days, the duration of the indwelling catheter, and the presence of thrombi and subcutaneous edema. Forty-seven patients were analyzed (median age, 67.0 years). The incidence of CF was 0% in the new long PIVCs and 32.0% (8 catheters) in the SPCs (p = 0.007), and the number of CF per 1,000 days was 0/1,000 and 81.7/1,000 days, respectively (p = 0.001). A significant difference in the duration of the indwelling catheter until CF occurrence was observed between the two groups (p = 0.004). Thrombi and subcutaneous edema were observed more frequently in the SPC group (p < 0.001). Catheterization of an upper arm vein using the new long PIVC to administer a hyper-stimulant drug might reduce CF compared with catheterization of a forearm vein using SPC.

Midline catheters: A 3-year experience at a veterans administration medical center.

BACKGROUND: Midline catheters are recommended over peripherally inserted central catheters as short-term vascular access device for peripherally compatible infusates. We assessed the effectiveness and safety of midline catheters. METHODS: Data from midline catheter placements from June 2016 to May 2019 at a tertiary-care Veterans Administration medical center were retrospectively collected. Patients were followed until catheter removal or death, whichever occurred first. The primary outcome was completion of intended therapy; secondary outcomes were catheter-related complications, including major (eg, catheter-related bloodstream infections [CRBSI] or venous thromboembolism [VTE]) and minor (eg, catheter occlusion, kinking, dislodgement) events. RESULTS: Of 115 midlines, 62 (53.9%) were for antibiotic infusion and 49 (32.6%) for difficult access. The median dwell time was 11 days (interquartile range, 5.5-19.5 days). Midline catheters lasted through completion of therapy in 93 patients (80.9%). Catheter-related complications occurred in 27 patients (23.5%), including catheter dislodgement in 10 patients (8.7%), catheter kinking in 8 (7.0%), and catheter occlusion in 3 (2.6%). Only 1 patient experienced a major complication, a deep venous thrombosis (0.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Midlines appear to be effective and safe for short-term vascular access in patients requiring peripherally compatible infusates. While the rate of major complications is low, minor complications that necessitate device removal are common.

Pre-hospital peripheral intravenous catheter insertion practice: An integrative review.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) are widely used within healthcare settings. There is substantial hospital-based research, particularly in Emergency Departments, supporting the need to reduce inappropriate PIVCs due to associated risks. However, there is limited research into pre-hospital practice. This review aims to determine the rates of pre-hospital PIVC insertions, how many remain unused, and to explore paramedic PIVC decision-making. METHODS: A systematic search of research databases was undertaken using an integrative review methodology. Articles published between 2011 and April 2022 were included. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to assess the quality of the studies. RESULTS: Fifteen studies were included. Rates of PIVC insertions ranged from 21% to 58%. Up to 72% of PIVCs remained unused in the pre-hospital setting. Paramedic decision-making was not well reported, though erring of the side of caution and inserting a "just in case" PIVC was identified. CONCLUSION: There are limited articles on pre-hospital PIVC practice, particularly in Australian settings. Research is required to understand factors influencing practice and provide contemporary evidence to inform the development of guidance specific to the pre-hospital setting to reduce the numbers of inappropriate PIVCs.

A pilot randomized controlled trial of securement bundles to reduce peripheral intravenous catheter failure.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) are ubiquitous in acute care settings however failure rates are unacceptably high, with around half failing before prescribed treatment is complete. The most effective dressing and securement option to prolong PIVC longevity is unclear. OBJECTIVES: To determine feasibility of conducting a definitive randomized controlled trial (RCT) investigating evidence-based securement bundles (medical adhesive tapes and supplementary securement products) to reduce PIVC failure. METHODS: In this pilot non-masked 3-group RCT, adults requiring a PIVC for >24 hrs were randomized to Standard care (bordered polyurethane dressing plus non-sterile tape over extension tubing), Securement Bundle 1 (two sterile tape strips over PIVC hub plus Standard care) or Securement Bundle 2 (Bundle 1 plus tubular bandage) with allocation concealed until study entry. EXCLUSIONS: laboratory-confirmed positive blood culture, current/high-risk of skin tear, or study product allergy. PRIMARY OUTCOME: feasibility (eligibility, recruitment, retention, protocol fidelity, participant/staff satisfaction). SECONDARY OUTCOMES: PIVC failure, PIVC dwell time, adverse skin events, PIVC colonization and cost. RESULTS: Of 109 randomized participants, 104 were included in final analyses. Feasibility outcomes were met, except eligibility criterion (79%). Absolute PIVC failure was 38.2% (13/34) for Bundle 2, 25% (9/36) for Bundle 1 and 23.5% (8/34) for Standard care. Incidence rate ratio for PIVC failure/1000 catheter days, compared to Standard care, was 1.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.4-2.7) and 2.1 (95% CI 0.9-5.1) for Bundles 1 and 2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A large RCT testing securement bundles is feasible, with adjustment to screening processes. Innovative dressing and securement solutions are needed to reduce unacceptable PIVC failure rates. Trial registration ACTRN12619000026123.

Lock terapia na prevenção e tratamento da infecção da corrente sanguínea associada ao cateter vascular: revisão integrativa / Terapia de bloqueo en la prevención y tratamiento de infecciones del torrente sanguíneo asociadas al catéter vascular: revisión integradora / Lock therapy in prevention and treatment of catheter-associated bloodstream infection: integrative review

Resumo Objetivo Sintetizar o conhecimento sobre o uso da lock terapia na prevenção e no tratamento da infecção da corrente sanguínea associada ao dispositivo de acesso vascular central de longa permanência em pacientes adultos e idosos hospitalizados. Métodos Revisão integrativa com busca nas bases de dados CINAHL, Cochrane Central, Embase, LILACS, PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science, no período de 1º janeiro de 2010 a 28 de setembro de 2021 sem restrições de idioma. Os dados foram analisados de forma descritiva. Resultados Foram identificados 16 estudos sendo seis (37,5%) sobre o uso da lock terapia como prevenção de infecção associada ao dispositivo de acesso vascular central e dez (62,5%) sobre tratamento. Os artigos sobre prevenção relataram o uso de soluções não antibióticas. Nove dos dez estudos que abordaram a lock terapia como tratamento, utilizaram soluções antibióticas. Dois estudos avaliaram a eficácia da lock terapia em curta duração (de três a quatro dias), sete em maior duração (entre 10 e 14 dias) e um não especificou a duração. Cada estudo descreveu uma técnica de intervenção e o tempo de permanência da solução intraluminal. Em relação ao risco de viés, foram avaliados como baixo risco: cinco ensaios clínicos randomizados, dois ensaios clínicos sem randomização e oito estudos observacionais. Apenas um estudo observacional foi classificado como risco moderado. Conclusão Na prevenção, identificou-se o uso de soluções não antibióticas como o etanol. Para o tratamento, foi utilizada a daptomicina endovenosa. Enquanto os estudos incluídos nessa revisão sobre prevenção não demonstraram evidência estatística, os dez estudos sobre tratamento demonstraram que a lock terapia é um complemento eficaz ao tratamento sistêmico, apresentando boas taxas de salvamento do cateter.

Resumen Objetivo Sintetizar el conocimiento sobre el uso de la terapia de bloqueo en la prevención y tratamiento de infecciones del torrente sanguíneo asociadas al dispositivo de acceso vascular central de larga permanencia en pacientes adultos y adultos mayores hospitalizados. Métodos Revisión integradora con búsqueda en las bases de datos CINAHL, Cochrane Central, Embase, LILACS, PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science, en el período del 1 de enero de 2010 al 28 de septiembre de 2021 sin restricción de idioma. Los datos fueron analizados de forma descriptiva. Resultados Se identificaron 16 estudios, de los cuales seis (37,5 %) trataban sobre el uso de la terapia de bloqueo como prevención de infecciones asociadas al dispositivo de acceso vascular central y diez (62,5 %) sobre tratamiento. En los artículos sobre prevención se relató el uso de soluciones no antibióticas. En nueve de los diez estudios que abordaban la terapia de bloqueo como tratamiento, se utilizaron soluciones antibióticas. En dos estudios se evaluó la eficacia de la terapia de bloqueo de corta duración (de tres a cuatro días), siete de mayor duración (entre 10 y 14 días) y uno sin especificar la duración. En cada estudio se describió una técnica de intervención y el tiempo de permanencia de la solución intraluminal. Con relación al riesgo de sesgo, fueron evaluados con riesgo bajo: cinco ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, dos ensayos clínicos no aleatorizados y ocho estudios observacionales. Solo un estudio observacional fue clasificado con riesgo moderado. Conclusión Para la prevención, se identificó el uso de soluciones no antibióticas como el etanol. Para el tratamiento, se utilizó la daptomicina intravenosa. Aunque los estudios incluidos en esta revisión sobre prevención no hayan demostrado evidencia estadística, los diez estudios sobre tratamiento demostraron que la terapia de bloqueo es un complemento eficaz para el tratamiento sistémico y presentó buenos índices de salvamento del catéter.

Abstract Objective To synthesize knowledge on the use of lock therapy for prevention and treatment of long-term central vascular access devices-associated bloodstream infection in hospitalized adult and elderly patients. Methods Integrative review conducted in CINAHL, Cochrane Central, Embase, LILACS, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, from January 1st, 2010 to September 28th, 2021, without language restrictions. Data were analyzed descriptively. Results Sixteen studies were identified, six (37.5%) on the use of lock therapy for prevention of bloodstream infection associated with central vascular access devices, and ten (62.5%) on treatment. The articles on prevention reported the use of non-antibiotic solutions. Nine of the ten studies that addressed lock therapy as treatment used antibiotic solutions. Two studies assessed the effectiveness of lock therapy in a short duration (three to four days), seven in a longer duration (between 10 and 14 days), and one did not specify the length of time. Each study described an intervention technique and the length of stay of the intraluminal solution. Regarding the risk of bias, five randomized clinical trials, two non-randomized clinical trials, and eight observational studies were rated as low risk. Only one observational study was classified as moderate risk. Conclusion The use of non-antibiotic solutions such as ethanol was identified for prevention of bloodstream infection. For treatment, intravenous daptomycin was used. While the studies included in this review on prevention did not show statistical evidence, the ten studies on treatment demonstrated that lock therapy is an effective complement to systemic treatment, showing good catheter salvage rates.

Angio-Seal Used as a Bailout for Incomplete Hemostasis After Dual Perclose ProGlide Deployment in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation.

BACKGROUND: The failure rate of vascular closure devices remains a significant cause of major vascular complications in contemporary transcatheter aortic valve implantation practice. METHODS: This research aimed to evaluate use of the Angio-Seal device in a bailout context in the setting of incomplete hemostasis following use of dual Perclose ProGlide devices in patients undergoing transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation. A total of 185 patients undergoing transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation with either dual Per-close ProGlide (n = 139) or a combination of dual Perclose ProGlide and Angio-Seal (n = 46) were retrospectively analyzed. The baseline, procedural characteristics, and all outcomes (defined according to Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 criteria) were compared. RESULTS: No significant differences were seen between the dual Perclose ProGlide vs dual Perclose ProGlide+Angio-Seal groups with regard to the in-hospital Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 primary end points of major vascular complications (n = 13 [9.4%] vs n = 2 [4.3%]; P = .36), minor vascular complications (n = 13 [9.4%] vs n = 8 [14.7%]; P = .14), major bleeding (n = 16 [11.5%] vs n = 2 [4.3%]; P = .25), and minor bleeding (n = 9 [6.5%] vs n = 5 [10.9%]; P = .34), with higher rates of hematoma in the dual Perclose ProGlide+Angio-Seal group (n = 4 [2.9%] vs n = 5 [10.9%]; P = .044). CONCLUSION: Finding from the current study suggest that adjunctive Angio-Seal deployment may be feasible and safe, especially in patients with incomplete hemostasis following dual Perclose ProGlide use, and can be an optimal "bailout" procedure.